An Outline Proposal and Discussion Paper by Makonnen Tesfaye; London, UK
(Global Society of Tigrayan Scholars(GSTS) Conference; Mekelle, Tigray; 28th July - 1st August 2019)
Harnessing Tigraian diaspora capital and remittances, and mobilizing knowledge networks to build productive capacities in Tigrai
1 - Introduction and Context
Employment, in particular youth unemployment, is increasingly becoming the key economic, social and political issue facing the Country, the Regional States and Tigray; and as such has been the fundamental driver of the current challenges of social unrest and political instability. The aim of the outline paper is to stimulate discussion and point out the direction of potential research and economic policy-making further towards the imperative of developing policies, strategies and programmes that focus on job creation in Tigray but equally relevant to the other Regions.
Ethiopia and the Regions, including Tigray, have achieved high, sustained and broadly inclusive economic growth during the last fifteen years, resulting in major infrastructure development, the provision of pro-poor social services and improved education and health outcomes. Major achievements include the significant reduction in poverty and improvement in life-expectancy. These, though, are facing strong headwinds in recent years due to the prevailing social unrest and political instability as well as strategically misaligned Government policies, such as the lack of adequate focus on developmental priorities. Therefore, it is crucially important to re-focus on the imperative of addressing the problems of unemployment and underemployment in Tigray in particular and Ethiopia in general.
The democratic developmental state model of the EPRDF’s economic development strategy is expressed by the Growth and Transformation Plans (GTP). The overarching aim of GTP II is to secure broad-based, accelerated and sustainable economic growth and transformation by promoting an agriculture-based, manufacturing-led and export-focused development strategy. The GTP II set the objectives to:
2- Statements of the Problems (at Macro, Mezzo and Micro Levels)
Without adequate and decent jobs, economic growth is unsustainable; and job creation without the development of productive capacities is equally unsustainable. “Productive capacities are the productive resources, entrepreneurial and technological capabilities and production linkages which together determine a country’s capacity to produce goods and services and enable it to grow and develop” (UNCTAD 2013). The process through which productive capacity is developed and its links to employment creation is depicted in Figure 2.
4 - Policies for Employment-Rich Growth: A Three-Pronged Approach to Job Creation
(i) Macroeconomic Policies (Federally and Regionally)
The importance of the Federal Government and the Tigray Regional Government playing the role of job creator either directly or indirectly, including:
We think TPLF leaders are not prepared to meet the challengesof containing economic impoverishment in Tigray Regional State. There is a network of anti-Tigray elements working hand in hand with TPLF leaders. Tigray needs a progressive, liberal, democratic leadership. TPLF is a stalinist group and lacks the education and farsighted views to force any meaningful economic development in Tigray.
Tigray should bring all Tigrayans living outside Tigray for safety and security reasons (also political reasons as we need their labour and skills to develop our home land Tigray). There should beenough jobs, schools and accomodation to receive such a large number of Tigrayans to live in Tigray Regional State, which could become an independent country .The political leadership now in Mekelle is power hungry and is only interested in keeping their power. TPLF should involve all Tigrayans to shape their homeland and future country. The Opposition to TPLF should be allowed to participate in policy making.
It is reported that there are more than half a million people in Mekelle, around 600000 according to some sources. The Tigray Regional Government should improve infrastructure in Mekelle and other towns. There is little activity regarding building social accomodation. Tigray has only one cement factory. Tigray needs at least 5 more cement factories. The regional government should be able to build tens of thousands of cheap homes or flats to meet the demand of accomodation at nominal price. TPLF seems not ready to help Tigrayans. They build homes for propoganda consumption and to show case that they are doing something. But the leaders should meet the demands of all the residents coming to work and live in Mekelle or in other towns. The government officials should build at least 50000 homes every year in Mekelle and in other towns to meet the demand of accomodation.
Land grabbing should be stopped and land should be cheap. You cannot demand 1 million ETB to buy a 100 square meter land in Mekelle. Land should be given only to Tigrayans. Foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in Tigray. By making land cheaper, many Tigrayan families could build their own homes.
By the way the constructin sector can create hundreds of thousands of jobs. TPLF is not a practical group. They are very slow. They do not want to dirty themselves to build Tigray. I am ashamed to see TPLF officials acting as occupiers and colonisers. Some of TPLF leaders are from Eritrea and have less devotion to Tigray. Tigrayans are not against Eritreans but political decisions should be made by Tigrayans only.
(Global Society of Tigrayan Scholars(GSTS) Conference; Mekelle, Tigray; 28th July - 1st August 2019)
Harnessing Tigraian diaspora capital and remittances, and mobilizing knowledge networks to build productive capacities in Tigrai
1 - Introduction and Context
Employment, in particular youth unemployment, is increasingly becoming the key economic, social and political issue facing the Country, the Regional States and Tigray; and as such has been the fundamental driver of the current challenges of social unrest and political instability. The aim of the outline paper is to stimulate discussion and point out the direction of potential research and economic policy-making further towards the imperative of developing policies, strategies and programmes that focus on job creation in Tigray but equally relevant to the other Regions.
Ethiopia and the Regions, including Tigray, have achieved high, sustained and broadly inclusive economic growth during the last fifteen years, resulting in major infrastructure development, the provision of pro-poor social services and improved education and health outcomes. Major achievements include the significant reduction in poverty and improvement in life-expectancy. These, though, are facing strong headwinds in recent years due to the prevailing social unrest and political instability as well as strategically misaligned Government policies, such as the lack of adequate focus on developmental priorities. Therefore, it is crucially important to re-focus on the imperative of addressing the problems of unemployment and underemployment in Tigray in particular and Ethiopia in general.
The democratic developmental state model of the EPRDF’s economic development strategy is expressed by the Growth and Transformation Plans (GTP). The overarching aim of GTP II is to secure broad-based, accelerated and sustainable economic growth and transformation by promoting an agriculture-based, manufacturing-led and export-focused development strategy. The GTP II set the objectives to:
- consolidate and further develop infrastructure development, in particular public sector led projects;
- focus on agricultural development as the basis of economic growth emphasising on the need to increase agricultural investment, productivity and non-farm rural activities;
- promote the industrial sector as the leading sector and stress the need to develop dynamic and private-sector led manufacturing industries; and
- increase exports of manufacturing goods with a goal of doubling exports in five years.
2- Statements of the Problems (at Macro, Mezzo and Micro Levels)
- The underdeveloped productive capacity of the economy in Ethiopia and Tigray; and the challenges of absorbing into the economy the annual entry into the labour market of over two million working age population in Ethiopia and over 200,000 in Tigray.
- Challenging unemployment and employment indicators. Urban unemployment rates in Ethiopia and Tigray in 2018 were 19.1% and 21.5% respectively. Furthermore, challenging youth unemployment in urban areas, where 25.3% of young people aged 15-29 in Ethiopia and 27.8 % in Tigray were unemployed. Similarly, very challenging economic activity/labour force participation rates, employment rates and informal activity rates for Ethiopia and Tigray (Appendix 1).
- The low volume and growth of employment generated in the industrial and manufacturing sectors.
- Similarly, the relatively low volume of employment generated by micro and small enterprises (MSEs). For example, 144,107 jobs in Ethiopia and 31,556 in Tigray in 2017/18.
- Lack of structural transformation of the economy, including the phenomenon of urbanisation without industrialisation and an under-developed agricultural sector.
- The underperformance of the export sector, and the shortage of vital foreign exchange.
- Growing government debt burden.
- Creeping inflationary trends.
- High level of rent-seeking economic activities, economic injustice and corruption.
- Impediments arising from the regulatory and bureaucratic environment.
- The prospects of the slowing down of the economy, social unrest and political instability in recent years and their adverse impact on the economy, in particular on unemployment and economic activity rates in the Country and the Regions, including Tigray.
Without adequate and decent jobs, economic growth is unsustainable; and job creation without the development of productive capacities is equally unsustainable. “Productive capacities are the productive resources, entrepreneurial and technological capabilities and production linkages which together determine a country’s capacity to produce goods and services and enable it to grow and develop” (UNCTAD 2013). The process through which productive capacity is developed and its links to employment creation is depicted in Figure 2.
4 - Policies for Employment-Rich Growth: A Three-Pronged Approach to Job Creation
(i) Macroeconomic Policies (Federally and Regionally)
- Fiscal policy to stimulate the development of productive capacities through financing public investment in physical and human capital. Hence, the importance of mobilising and diversifying domestic and foreign resources through appropriate and targeted incentive schemes. The partial privatisation of the “Effort” companies in Tigray should be commended, and it would mobilise and leverage additional private investment for the Region. It should be done in a transparent, economically and financially well-structured (e.g. without misappropriation of the public sector by private investors) and socially fair way so that equity is distributed amongst a broad class of investors.
- Harnessing Tigrayan diaspora capital and remittances, and mobilising knowledge networks to build productive capacities in Tigray. Mapping out the Tigrayan Diaspora including the setting up of an inventory of global Tigrayan knowledge networks, which builds on and complements the Global Society of Tigrayan Scholars(GSTS) by including professionals, managers, entrepreneurs, artists, sports people and community, social and faith leaders.
- Expanding the fiscal space, in particular widening the tax base and improving revenue collection.
- Monetary policy for non-inflationary economic environment, but importantly optimal credit policy to enable the growth of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. Promoting microfinance institutions.
- Optimising foreign exchange policy, including the management of scarce foreign exchange.
- Enhancing the regulatory environment and promoting level-field competition.
- Improving business infrastructure and logistics.
- Tackling rent-seeking activities and promoting good governance.
- Promoting the private sector as the engine of growth and job creation. Optimised and targeted incentive regimes. The importance of supporting and developing MSEs, including medium-sized businesses.
- Industrial policy designed to steer the economy towards structural transformation, by moving to higher-productivity and value added activities.
- Promoting backward and forward linkages in production, in particular between agriculture and manufacturing.
- Focusing on labour-intensive industries, including agribusiness, textiles and clothing.
- Using “appropriate” technologies; enhancing technology absorption capabilities; and technological upgrading of the export sector. Developing science, technology and innovation centres; promoting research and development; and improving business-government-university partnerships.
- Identifying and building on the comparative advantages of Tigray, including the tourism, leisure, cultural and mining sectors as well as the production of “cash” crops (e.g. Sesame and Oilseeds) for export. Supporting and developing the service sector, which is labour intensive.
- Maximising the benefits of Industrial Parks as a tool for developing manufacturing and generating jobs. Mobilising domestic as well as foreign investors into the Industrial Parks (Appendix 2).
- Integrated rural development policy and programmes. Enhancing agricultural productivities, developing irrigation and promoting non-farming economic activities to generate rural jobs. Ensuring food sufficiency in the medium to the long-terms.
The importance of the Federal Government and the Tigray Regional Government playing the role of job creator either directly or indirectly, including:
- Public investment in infrastructure using labour-intensive techniques. Public infrastructure spending can be more directly employment-generating, including indirectly through higher multiplier effects within the economy.
- Promoting the construction and housing sector, which are labour intensive.
- Provision of public goods and services, and promoting the non-tradable sector, such as education and health services, which also generate employment.
- Labour-intensive Public Work Programmes (PWPs) that are well designed, resourced/financed and managed.
- Has employment been at the front-row of the Tigray Regional and Federal Government’s economic development strategy, or has it been subsumed under the investment, trade and economic growth strategies/imperatives? Is there a critical need for developing a holistic employment strategy that is also coherently integrated with the overarching economic development and transformation strategy?
- Even under the best scenarios of double or high-single digit economic growth, can the current set of policies and strategies alone (i.e. manufacture-led and export focused development strategy and the associated tool of Industrial Parks; the development of micro and small enterprises etc.) adequately address the needs of the number of people joining the labour market as well as the current very high level of unemployment and underemployment in urban and rural areas in Tigray and Ethiopia?
- Do we have contingency employment policies and programmes on hand if the current state of the Ethiopian/Tigray economy further deteriorates resulting in more mass unemployment?
- What are the economic, social and political implications of very high youth unemployment in urban and rural areas? What needs to be done that is above and over of current set of economic policies, programmes and projects?
- What are the enhanced roles of the Tigray Regional/Federal Governments as creators of employment through public sector investment? Do we have a blue print? What are the resource mobilisation and financing implications? What are the prospects of being innovative in job creation schemes, programmes and strategies?
- What can Tigray and Ethiopia learn from other countries that successfully managed to maximise job creation from their economic growth and transformation?
AP(አ ፖ ) Notes
We think TPLF leaders are not prepared to meet the challengesof containing economic impoverishment in Tigray Regional State. There is a network of anti-Tigray elements working hand in hand with TPLF leaders. Tigray needs a progressive, liberal, democratic leadership. TPLF is a stalinist group and lacks the education and farsighted views to force any meaningful economic development in Tigray.
Tigray should bring all Tigrayans living outside Tigray for safety and security reasons (also political reasons as we need their labour and skills to develop our home land Tigray). There should beenough jobs, schools and accomodation to receive such a large number of Tigrayans to live in Tigray Regional State, which could become an independent country .The political leadership now in Mekelle is power hungry and is only interested in keeping their power. TPLF should involve all Tigrayans to shape their homeland and future country. The Opposition to TPLF should be allowed to participate in policy making.
It is reported that there are more than half a million people in Mekelle, around 600000 according to some sources. The Tigray Regional Government should improve infrastructure in Mekelle and other towns. There is little activity regarding building social accomodation. Tigray has only one cement factory. Tigray needs at least 5 more cement factories. The regional government should be able to build tens of thousands of cheap homes or flats to meet the demand of accomodation at nominal price. TPLF seems not ready to help Tigrayans. They build homes for propoganda consumption and to show case that they are doing something. But the leaders should meet the demands of all the residents coming to work and live in Mekelle or in other towns. The government officials should build at least 50000 homes every year in Mekelle and in other towns to meet the demand of accomodation.
Land grabbing should be stopped and land should be cheap. You cannot demand 1 million ETB to buy a 100 square meter land in Mekelle. Land should be given only to Tigrayans. Foreigners should not be allowed to buy land in Tigray. By making land cheaper, many Tigrayan families could build their own homes.
By the way the constructin sector can create hundreds of thousands of jobs. TPLF is not a practical group. They are very slow. They do not want to dirty themselves to build Tigray. I am ashamed to see TPLF officials acting as occupiers and colonisers. Some of TPLF leaders are from Eritrea and have less devotion to Tigray. Tigrayans are not against Eritreans but political decisions should be made by Tigrayans only.
