The day Simegnew Bekele was found dying at the wheel of his Toyota
Land Cruiser in central Addis Ababa—doors locked, engine running and a
bullet wound to his head—he had left home holding a plane ticket and a
packed bag.
The plan on that July afternoon a year ago was to return to the
construction site of the vast hydroelectric dam that Simegnew had been
overseeing since 2011, according to his mother-in-law, Membere Mekonnen.
The project on the Nile had made its chief engineer a national hero.
His was the public face of plans for a new Ethiopia that would no longer
be known for famines and war, but as Africa’s powerhouse—literally.
Membere, like many Ethiopians, still doesn’t believe the police
finding of suicide. “Why do you buy a ticket and pack your bag to go, if
you are going to shoot yourself?” the 72-year-old said in an interview
at her home in the capital, where she now cares for the youngest two of
the three children he left behind.
Simegnew Bekele at the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam construction
site. Photographer: Gioia Forster/Picture Alliance via Getty Images
Whoever pulled the trigger, Simegnew found himself in the eye of
multiple political storms that are still today battering one of Africa’s
largest infrastructure projects: the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
(GERD). A year after his death, a symbol of Ethiopia’s prosperous future
risks becoming a reminder of the country’s struggles to shake its
turbulent past.
Egypt has vigorously opposed the dam’s construction, due to concerns
the project could reduce the supply of water downstream, at one point
even threatening war. More than 80% of Egypt’s Nile water supply
originates in the highlands of Ethiopia. But unprecedented access to
officials and engineers running the dam project suggest the greatest
risks to Ethiopia’s hydro-powered transformation come not from Egypt,
but from internal disputes surrounding a leadership change in Addis
Ababa just three months before Simegnew’s death.
The country’s prime minister, Abiy Ahmed, has ushered in new, more
market-based ideas on how to run the economy. The previous government’s
use of the dam as a training project for Ethiopia’s state-owned military
industrial champion caused delays, and its removal over alleged quality
failures and incompetence could cause more. Just days before Simegnew’s
death, Abiy warned that on current progress it could take another
decade to finish the dam, according to Ethiopian media reports.
Heightened tensions between the country’s complex patchwork of ethnic
groups also threaten the project, pulling at the seams of a nation
stitched from the fertile highlands and arid lowlands of a former
empire. Abiy is from the country’s largest (but historically
subordinate) Oromo ethnic group. His arrival displaced 27 years of
ascendancy for Tigrayans, who in turn ended centuries of preeminence for
Amharas.
Sources: ACLED, UNHCR, and United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.Almost three million Ethiopians were driven from their homes by
conflict last year, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring
Center, the highest number worldwide. In June, an alleged coup attempt
in the northern Amhara province left its president and Ethiopia’s top
general dead. Amhara nationalists lay claim to the territory on which
the Renaissance dam sits, in neighboring Benishangul-Gumuz, and where
Abiy told parliament another coup had been planned to follow the one in
Amhara.
Ethiopia’s “nationalities have been fighting against central
governments for over 80 years,” said Sebhat Nega, a founder of the
Tigray People’s Liberation Front that led a rebel takeover in 1991 and
has now been marginalized under Abiy. If constitutional order isn’t
restored, he added, “the Balkanization of Ethiopia is inevitable.”
The dam will be completed eventually, and there’s nothing inevitable
about Ethiopia’s fragmentation. Yet Simegnew’s death brought public
frustrations to a head. Thousands turned out to his funeral to demand
answers on how he died, clashing with police. Conspiracy theories still
swirl as to who might have killed the engineer.
Top: Cement trucks stand idle just downstream from the dam, where the
Blue Nile flows toward Sudan. Bottom: The still to be completed center
section of the dam, and its spillway.
As the grand name suggests, it’s hard to overstate the importance of
the “Renaissance” dam to Ethiopia—Africa’s most populous nation after
Nigeria—or the burden that rode on the 54-year-old engineer’s shoulders.
When the government ran short of funds to pay construction costs that
are certain to exceed the dam’s original 3.4 billion-euro ($3.8 billion)
price tag, ordinary Ethiopians stepped in with donations. Civil
servants were volunteered to give a month’s salary.
Despite a decade of annual growth rates as high as 10%, and a
pipeline of major Chinese investments, Ethiopia remains a desperately
poor country with a GDP per capita below $1,000. Once the dam’s 16
turbines are switched on, the 6,000-megawatt facility will increase the
country’s supply of electricity by as much as 150% at a stroke. That
will bring power to many among the two thirds of Ethiopia’s roughly 100
million population who have none, according to Minister for Water,
Irrigation and Electricity Seleshi Bekele.
Sources: World Bank and BloombergThen there’s the wider effect on the mainly agrarian economy and the
region. China has agreed to build a $1.8 billion power grid to support a
Chinese-built and funded high speed railway, currently plagued by power
cuts, as well as to 16 special industrial zones. Electricity exports to
Ethiopia’s neighbors will earn desperately needed hard currency.
Those interconnections could in turn help tame the seemingly
perpetual cycle of poverty, famine and violence that has long blighted
the Horn of Africa, from Somalia, to Eritrea, to Sudan and South Sudan.
“This is more than a dam, more than a job,” said Yared Girma, one of Semegnew’s deputies. “It’s the pride of Ethiopia.”
The dam sits between the last two shoulders of mountain where the
Nile sweeps down from the highlands of Ethiopia, about 20 kilometers (12
miles) from the border with Sudan. Behind it, thousands have been
displaced to make way for a reservoir 246 km long. The bone-white cement
wall, up to 170 meters high and 1.8 km long, is complete but for the
center section.
By now, the project is five years behind schedule and counting. At
least 60 trucks from Salini Impregilo SpA, the contractor for the civil
engineering part of the project, stand idle. The Italian company is
demanding compensation and says it paused work on the concrete structure
in October. On a recent day, a Nile crocodile swam slowly upstream
toward the relative quiet of the construction site.
Workmen’s overalls hung out to dry at one of the dam’s two powerhouses.
Simegnew had been due to fly back here the day he died, together with
a team from Metals and Engineering Corp., or Metec, the military-run
Ethiopian conglomerate that was in charge of the power generation side
of the dam’s construction. Within months, Metec had been removed from
the project and broken up. Fourteen of the retired and serving officers
in its senior management are now either in jail or fugitives, accused of
corruption in different parts of the business.
New Metec management installed by the government has accused the
company of failing to meet any of its contractual obligations at the
dam, despite receiving almost two thirds of the money due. Seleshi, the
water minister, declined to comment on the company’s removal, but said
he expected the dam to be complete and the reservoir full no more than
seven years after filling begins in 2020.
Metec’s work has been redistributed to foreign sub-contractors,
including China Composites Group Corp., Sinohydro Corp. Ltd. and GE
France SASU. Standing next to a faded sign that reads “Metec means
dynamism,” GE France site supervisor Philippe Robard rolled his eyes
when asked about the company’s contribution to the project. “The first
two units should have been working by now,” he said, speaking of the
turbines.
Italian contractor Salini said in an emailed response to questions
that delays caused by Metec were mainly due to “their total lack of
experience in the execution of works of this nature and magnitude.”
Down in the powerhouse at the dam’s base, Indian welders are
assembling the 7 meter diameter pipes that will direct water onto those
two turbines. Once complete, they’ll be drowned in concrete to prevent
vibration, a rod fixed to the center of each, and a pair of 800 ton
rotors lowered onto those. The same procedure will then follow for the
other 14 turbines.A welder joins the pipe assembly for one of two “early
generation” turbines at the dam
The new chief engineer, Kifle Horo, shared the job with Simegnew back
in 2011 when the project started. He says he was removed after clashing
with Metec over its proposal to change the dam’s design to increase the
headline generating capacity.
The generals, Kifle said, weren’t engineers and didn’t understand
that this would simply add unused capacity and cost. The dam’s potential
for producing energy over a year is fixed by the volume and depth of
water in its reservoir. Extra megawattage just allows the same quantity
of electricity to be produced in shorter bursts.
“It’s meaningless,” Kifle said of Metec’s design change. The aim is
now to start filling the reservoir next June and complete construction
in 2022, though some of the previous work needs to be undone first.
“There are a lot of uncertainties, because Metec erected two bottom
outlets and, due to quality reasons, we have already started to remove
these.”
Top: The spillway that allows water to flow out of the reservoir when
it overfills. Bottom: Part of piping that will direct water into the
turbines.
The man responsible for Kifle losing his tussle with Metec—and to
whom Simegnew reported—was among the most powerful officials in
Ethiopia’s former government, Debretsion Gebremichael. An electrical
engineer by training, he said he persuaded the rest of the government to
approve the design change, arguing the addition of a turbine would
reduce operating costs.
Sidelined in Addis Ababa by the political changes that culminated in
Abiy’s appointment as prime minister, Debretsion is now acting head of
the local government in his native Tigray province, as well as chairman
of the TPLF. In an interview at his office in Mekele, the regional
capital, he described Simegnew as “a victim.”
Metec was added to the project for three reasons, according to
Debretsion. The first was to build the company into a state-led
equivalent of South Korean chaebols such as Samsung and Hyundai.
Ethiopia aims to become a giant of hydropower exports and the idea was
to train up local engineers who would be able to take the lead in
building future dams. It was always understood that using a domestic
company would take longer and that gaps in expertise would have to be
filled, the Tigrayan leader said.
A second goal was to reduce the dam’s financial burden, which is
being paid for without the help of international lenders. The government
decided to hive off roughly 1 billion euros from the bill, giving that
work to Metec to execute in local currency with (dramatically cheaper)
local labor. The final motivation, according to Debretsion, was to
reduce the number of foreign companies that might pull out under
Egyptian pressure.
Welders working on the turbine assemblies. Soldiers at Metec’s open air cafe on the construction site.
“Stripping Metec out is completely against the original strategy,”
and against Ethiopia’s long-term economic interests, said Debretsion.
Simegnew, he added, believed in the approach. “He said we have to
support these guys, so that they will finish this.”
Metec scoured Ethiopia’s universities for engineering graduates to
work at the dam. Among them were eight interviewed for this article, all
now aged 30 or younger. Until they were let go last year, they were on
salaries of $163 per month or less. Now they are jobless, their resumes
poisoned by association with Metec’s damaged brand.
Taye Shiferaw was 23 and fresh out of college with a degree in
manufacturing when he started work at the dam four years ago. He was
made team leader for quality control on the linings Kifle is concerned
about, some of the dam’s most sensitive parts. If they were to leak, the
immense pressure of the water and sediment rushing through the voids
could erode concrete at the base of the dam and cause its collapse.
According to Taye, the military officers in charge—his boss was a
major-general—couldn’t understand what the engineers reporting to them
were talking about. Handed a technical report, they would just reply “Go
on! No problem!” he said. Anyone who insisted on a quality control
issue risked being accused of membership in the Oromo Liberation Front,
at the time listed as a terrorist organization.
Many of those officers—and of the military’s top brass in
general—were Tigrayans. By now, Mekele feels like a fortress for a
government in exile, with Tigrayan ex-government officials and Metec
executives frequenting the local Planet Hotel, and some spending
evenings at the Mountain Lounge bar downtown.
At the hotel, an army major describing himself as one of Metec’s
founders fiercely disputed accusations of incompetence and waste. He
cited the dam’s expanded hydro-power design as proof of the company’s
technical abilities. His friend, a Metec colonel with a baseball cap
pulled low over his face, had just stopped in. He said he was wanted by
police in Addis Ababa and was hiding in the bush outside Mekele. He came
to the hotel to shower and brush his teeth.
Delays and technical difficulties arise in large infrastructure
projects all over the world, said the colonel. “In my view, it was a
blindly political decision” to remove Metec, and one designed to
discredit Tigrayans in the former government and military, he said.
Neither officer wanted to be named, for fear of repercussions from the
capital.
Getachew Reda, a Planet Hotel resident and politburo member in the
fragmenting coalition of ethnically based parties that has ruled
Ethiopia since 1991, was to be found at the Mountain Lounge. A huge
bottle of Johnny Walker Black Label whisky was draining fast on the
shared table. At one point he was pulled away to dance to the Tigrayan
fighting song and anthem, “We Shall Overcome.”
The break-up of Metec was also about ethnic politics, according to
Getachew. Of the 14 Metec officers charged with corruption, a majority
are Tigrayan. “An ethnic purge is taking place, that much I can tell
you,” he said.
Membere Mekonnen, at her home in Addis Ababa. Above her, a photograph shows Simegnew with his family.
Membere Mekonnen doesn’t concern herself with such high politics. She
just remembers how Simegnew’s cell phone rang without pause the day
before he died, leaving him without a moment to talk to his younger son,
16, and daughter, 9. He was depressed and clearly under immense
pressure that night, but he didn’t kill himself, she insists, dismissing
a police statement that he had left behind a note. Police also said he
called his secretary before he died, asking her to “take care of my
children.”
According to the police, Simegnew shot himself with his own gun
because of pressure over delays in the dam’s construction and the
emerging fact that Metec had spent more of the nation’s money than its
progress could justify. He didn’t die immediately. The police said they
broke a window in the attempt to get him out. In his note, according to
police, Simegnew said he wanted to leave the country, but was worried he
couldn’t explain himself to the Ethiopian people.
Membere is waiting for her daughter, Simegnew’s estranged wife, to
secure asylum in Canada, after which the children will be sent to join
her. Theirs hasn’t been an easy story. Their mother left home and,
before he died, their father was so busy with dam business he sometimes
left them waiting in vain after promising to visit.
“He loved that dam more than his children, because he thought it
would change Ethiopia,” Membere said. Like so many others, she never
questions the value or necessity of the dam itself. “We lost a hero.”
Source: Data compiled by Bloomberg
Editor: Rodney Jefferson
Design: Mira Rojanasakul, Jeremy C.F. Lin and Sam Dodge
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